Now we've reached the middle of the year, it's a good time to take stock of the global economy and financial markets.

We seem to have recovered from the significant volatility and depressed sentiment we saw earlier this year.

But despite this improvement, we would advise investors to remain vigilant because there are still potential triggers of market volatility - the UK referendum on European Union membership, the US Federal Reserve's interest rate policy and the economic slowdown in China.

Brexit

When I think about the impact of the UK leaving the European Union, I think the most damage would be on the UK economy itself.

• The UK would lose the favourable trade tariffs that EU membership bestows.
• There could be less foreign direct investment as firms are discouraged from establishing a UK presence to gain a foothold in the EU market.
• And there could also be a negative impact on the number of European citizens allowed to work in the UK - in recent years labour force growth and the tax revenue that comes with it have really helped the UK economy.

If Brexit was just an economic decision, then people would probably vote to stay in the EU but there are other non-economic considerations as well.

Our central case is that the UK will vote to remain in but we think it could be very close.

Indeed, the global market may be too optimistic about the likelihood of a 'Remain' vote. As we get closer to the referendum on 23 June there could be more volatility in both opinion polls and financial markets.

The UK is the fifth largest economy in the world so what happens does matter for the global economy. There would be ripple effects around the world and a potentially negative effect on market sentiment.

US interest rates

We think we're still on track for the 'dovish tightening' that we predicted in our 2016 economic and market outlook.

Our baseline scenario is that the US Federal Reserve will continue with two more interest rate hikes in the next 12 months and bring the official interest rate up to 1%.

Then they will stop and take an extended pause to evaluate the impact of the interest rate hikes on the economy.

From there, I think there are two potential scenarios.

• The US economy remains resilient and continues to grow at a low pace of around 2%. In that case, after an extended pause, say 6-12 months, the Fed would be more confident and continue lifting interest rates to around 2.5%.
• The US economy cannot sustain that level of interest rates. In that case, there could be a recession and a 1% rate would be the high watermark. The Federal Reserve would start cutting rates back to zero and even implement another round of quantitative easing.

Our analysis of financial and economic variables puts the odds of a near-term recession at about 10%, compared to the historical average of 15%, given the ultra-low interest rate and ultra-prudent central bank. However, the US economy is likely to experience 'growth scares' such as periodic monthly job growth that falls short of consensus expectations, like the disappointing May payroll job growth number. But slower job growth is to be expected after many years of strong expansion that has left the labour market approaching full employment. So it should not be viewed as a sign of impending recession.  

As long as the economy continues to muddle through, the impact of gradual interest rate increases on investment markets should be fairly minimal.

• We shouldn't see too much disruption on bond markets, which have been pricing in a gradual increase in the yield for some time now.
• We shouldn't see a sharp correction on equity markets as interest rates increases would reflect resilient economic growth - but we may see more short-term volatility, especially as growth scares appear.

China

When it comes to China I don't think either extreme is right - people who are too worried about a hard landing or people who are getting too bullish about a rebound.

Chinese policymakers are facing a very difficult and subtle balance between promoting stable short-term growth and rebalancing the economy in the medium-term by reducing overcapacity.

They do want to provide some stimulus to avoid a hard landing but if they provide too much stimulus it will exacerbate the economic imbalance and financial risk in the system.

So Chinese policymakers are in what we call 'fighting retreat' mode. They will fight a little, just to avoid a hard-landing, but not too hard to reverse overall trends.

Overall, we expect policymakers to start withdrawing stimulus in the second half of this year, especially on the monetary front and in the property sector. This will mean the slowdown is likely to resume.

Impact on Australia

The Chinese slowdown is particularly concentrated in the commodity sectors so it's having a big impact on the Australian mining sector.
Australia needs other sectors like agriculture and services to pick up, especially if the Chinese slowdown does accelerate.

But Australia has two big positives going for it.

• As Chinese policymakers attempt to move their economy from manufacturing to services, this will lift demand for high-end agricultural products and tourism, education and financial services in Australia.
• Australia has good institutions with many of the requirements for transition in place - resilient consumer and business confidence, a weakening currency and low interest rates.

I remain hopeful that Australia's economic transition is on track but it will take some time and external risks remain high.

Currency wars

After the one-off depreciations of the Chinese renmimbi (RM) in August last year and January this year, people are naturally concerned about further depreciations.
But when it comes to the exchange rate, there are political considerations as well as economic.

The G20 is being held in China in September. There's the US election towards the end of the year. And there's formal inclusion of the RMB in the International Monetary Fund's benchmark Special Drawing Rights currency basket, alongside the euro, dollar, yen and pound.

All these are very good reasons for Chinese policymakers not to depreciate too significantly and appear irresponsible.

In the meantime, the People's Bank of China is doing a much better job of communicating with the market about what they are trying to do. In their official language they are 'referencing' the renminbi to a basket of currencies.

But given what we have seen since last August, you could also call it a 'dirty' or 'asymmetric peg'. When the US dollar is stronger they are pegging the RMB to the currency basket. And when the US dollar is weaker, the RMB will be pegged to the US dollar.

This means that if the US Federal Reserve does increase rates as we expect, we'll probably see the RMB continue a very gradual depreciation against the US dollar.

Qian Wang
Senior Economist - Asia
Vanguard